***A labor union was an organization of workers. The union would negotiate labor contracts with the employers that consists of wages, complaint procedures, work rules, firing and promotion of workers, etc. Many unions consist of people who were part of the union. They had authority to determine who could have membership and who could not. These unions were very selective with organizing workers yet for unions goals they were not very vivid with. The National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and the Industrial Workers of the World were the four major labor unions. The trade union movement in the post-Civil war era was limited on achieving its economic goals but yet successful on organizing its workers.
***The National Labor Union was the first national union in the United States. The union included many types of workers in 1834. The National labor union was destroyed and the Knights of Labor became the leading countrywide union in the 1860's. This union consist of Asian race, and included African Americans and women.
*** In 1869, the Knights of Labor was discovered in the United States. The people believed to give workers more free time, share of wealth and more benefits of society. They also opposed child labor and demand the eight hour day of work. They also tried to set up companies owned by the workers themselves. In 1884, the Knights went on strike when the railroads cut wages.
*** The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded by Samuel Gompers. By 1904, their membership had spread well over one million. The AFL was known to have that unionism quality with the help of Gompers's leadership. Work environment( well off wages), hours and working conditions were important demands but was not an immediate affect.
***The Industrial Workers of the World, also known as the (IWW), was founded in 1905, who symbolized unskilled workers. The IWW included radicals with a willing to challenge owners of factories and who had a revolutionary spirit. Ownership was considered a significant goal for them not increasing wages. The IWW were also known to be forceful and violet to achieve their goals.
***During and after the Civil War led tensions between the capitalists and their employees. The government was considered allied with their businesses which caused violet strikes. Some trade unions were based on race and skills and some more radical than others. The economic goals that many unions tried to accomplish were such as high wages and ownership by working class were not achieved in this era. Trade unions were generally successful in organizing employees but not achieving their goals.
Friday, December 28, 2007
Saturday, December 15, 2007
Compare and Contrast Lincoln's, Johnson's and Radical Repub's Plan
*** The American Civil War was the first time when America's society split greatly.One historian even referred to the Civil War as the "crossroads of our being." This statement supports how the society began to become un-united and establish different ways to reconstruct its nation after the war. During this era, Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, and the Radical Republicans developed different beliefs on how the country should be ran. I would select Lincoln's Plan to best suit the nation because of the Emancipation Proclamation, 10% Plan and the ideological of perserving the union.
*** The Radical Republicans were Americans within the Republican Party. Which was lead by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens. The Rad's opposed Lincoln's loose terms for reuniting the United States. Their terms demanded more aggressive status toward the war and more protection for the Freedmen.During this Reconstruction, the Radical Republicans believed too slow in freeing slaves and supporting their legal equality. They created the 50% plan which would divide the South into five military districts keep troops in the South. They also accepted to enforce the 14th and 15th amendments. The 14 states defined citizenship rights to all people and the 15 allowed African American males to vote. This was part of Lincoln's plan truly.
***On the other hand, Lincoln's Plan oppose the Radical Republicans beliefs tremendously. In 1863, Lincoln created the Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in states that were open rebellion. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia were border states that was not involved in this proclamation. Lincoln also believed that slaves should be treated fairly and equally but he did not consider his self as an abolitionist.
***To add on to the differences of reconstructing, Andrew Johnson had a plan of his own. Johnson opposed Lincoln's plan by supporting the Black codes and Jim Crow's laws. Which were laws that placed limitation on the socioeconomic opportunities open to African American people. Grandfather Clause was one of the many ways African Americans were limited within the society. The clause stated that if your grandfather was an United States citizen before the war then that automatically makes you a citizen. Because of this, African Americans were not citizen because they were considered property and not a citizen to the country.
***Furthermore, Lincoln disliked Johnson's plan and decided to add on to his belief on preserving the Union. He created the 10% plan. With this plan, Lincoln wanted mild, no major punishments from this plan and just accept the 15th amendment so the nation can become united again.
***During the Civil War, the main idea of the United States was to have "Unity" but it disappeared. Many significant leaders, Lincoln, Johnson and Radical Repub's tried to stress their beliefs of how they wanted the States to be ran. With the 50% plan, Jim Crows laws and Grandfather Clause made Lincoln's plan out shined them all. Having the 13th, 14th ,and 15th amendments in the Constitution still to this day shows how Lincoln's Plan had a great impact on our nation.
*** The Radical Republicans were Americans within the Republican Party. Which was lead by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens. The Rad's opposed Lincoln's loose terms for reuniting the United States. Their terms demanded more aggressive status toward the war and more protection for the Freedmen.During this Reconstruction, the Radical Republicans believed too slow in freeing slaves and supporting their legal equality. They created the 50% plan which would divide the South into five military districts keep troops in the South. They also accepted to enforce the 14th and 15th amendments. The 14 states defined citizenship rights to all people and the 15 allowed African American males to vote. This was part of Lincoln's plan truly.
***On the other hand, Lincoln's Plan oppose the Radical Republicans beliefs tremendously. In 1863, Lincoln created the Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in states that were open rebellion. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia were border states that was not involved in this proclamation. Lincoln also believed that slaves should be treated fairly and equally but he did not consider his self as an abolitionist.
***To add on to the differences of reconstructing, Andrew Johnson had a plan of his own. Johnson opposed Lincoln's plan by supporting the Black codes and Jim Crow's laws. Which were laws that placed limitation on the socioeconomic opportunities open to African American people. Grandfather Clause was one of the many ways African Americans were limited within the society. The clause stated that if your grandfather was an United States citizen before the war then that automatically makes you a citizen. Because of this, African Americans were not citizen because they were considered property and not a citizen to the country.
***Furthermore, Lincoln disliked Johnson's plan and decided to add on to his belief on preserving the Union. He created the 10% plan. With this plan, Lincoln wanted mild, no major punishments from this plan and just accept the 15th amendment so the nation can become united again.
***During the Civil War, the main idea of the United States was to have "Unity" but it disappeared. Many significant leaders, Lincoln, Johnson and Radical Repub's tried to stress their beliefs of how they wanted the States to be ran. With the 50% plan, Jim Crows laws and Grandfather Clause made Lincoln's plan out shined them all. Having the 13th, 14th ,and 15th amendments in the Constitution still to this day shows how Lincoln's Plan had a great impact on our nation.
Saturday, November 10, 2007
To what extent did nationalism play a role in the formulation and application of U.S foreign policy in the early nineteenth century?
***Since the ratification of the Constitution, the U.S had quadrupled over centuries in its' size. Many Americans lusted for the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. It was so powerful that the British imposed the Proclamation of 1763 to keep colonists away. During the nineteenth century, many presidents produced territorial expansion in their own ways. Two of the most important events of the early nineteenth century were the purchase of the Louisiana Territory and War of 1812. Both reflected the driving force of territorial expansion behind the U.S foreign policy, but yet, there were more to come. Nationalism played a role in the formulation and application of the U.S foreign policy by the Mexican War, attitudes of the War Hawks during the War of 1812, Monroe Doctrine and relocating the Native Americans.
***The relationship between the U.S and Mexico deteriorated even more when the U.S formally annexed Texas in 1845. President Polk was not satisfied with this enormous territory and decided to acquire the California or New Mexico region as well. After the failure of the Slidell Mission, an attempt to purchase the territory from Mexico, Polk resorted to have more aggressive posture. He sent troops into the dispute area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The U.S declared war on Mexico. Polk claimed the Mexicans had forces that crossed the borders to attack the Americans, but this was false. Even though the U.S army troops had poor trained and discipline, the U.S had taken control of the entire Southwest by 1847. General Winfield Scott, new U.S commander, captured Vera Cruz followed later with a victory in the Battle of Cerro Gordo. The Americans launched their final attack on Mexico capital and the war
ended. Out of the Mexico War, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo(1848) was created. This told Mexico to recognize the Americans claim the area of North of the Rio Grande. President Polk was not satisfied with the terms of the treaty and decided that the U.S needs more land.
***As the U.S entered the second decade of the nineteenth century, tensions with Britain were exacerbated by wars in Europe. Both Britain and France violated America's neutral shipping and commerical rights. The British and French were equally at fault, but Americans were blaming them and Britain Canandians for inciting the Native Americans uprisings in the west. But in truth, the Americans hunger for more land incited the unrest. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh's attempted to unite all tribes in Mississippi Valley on the settlements in the Indiana's Territory, but failed when future President Harrison's force defeated him in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The defeat of Tecumseh clashed with the congress. Many congressmen that came to Washington for the 1811-1812 session were newly elected. Most were from Western and Southern Democratic- Republican congressman who also favored nationalism. They were labeled "War Hawks" and their hostility toward Britain was a large reason. The leaders of the War Hawks were Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster. They led the War Hawks to punishing the Britain military for seizing merchant ships, impressing American sailors and the violations of American neutrality. They also wanted to seize land from Native Americans in the West, drive British out of Canada, and annex Spanish Florida. Even though the Federalists and New England did not want war because they were Anglophiles, the U.S declared war on June, 18, 1812.
***At the end of the Napoleon Wars in 1815, the nations met in Vienna to discuss postwar goals. By the European powers, one decision was to restore monarchies and governments that had collapsed by Napoleon's Grand Army. Secretary of state, John Quincy Adams informed both nations( Europe and Britain) not to interfere in the territory that he claimed belonged to the U.S. European intentions of taking the territory in the U.S or colonizing the South America, the Monroe administration decided to act. President Monroe issued a stern foreign policy statement that became Monroe Doctrine. Monroe stopped Europeans from colonizing the Western Hemisphere. If the U.S found out about the Europeans thoughts, that would deem a threat to U.S national security. The Europeans decide to put an end in their thoughts. The decision made was for the two nations to stay out of each others way and for the U.S to continue in their territorial expansion.
***Even after the Monroe Doctrine, Americans still kept a wary eye on Europe and focused the other eye on the one major Native American tribe in the area Southeast of the Mississippi, the Cherokees. The next objective for territorial expansion was to relocate the Cherokees to the west. Cherokees inhabited several states which are Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and Mississippi. In 1827, a tribal council established a constitutional representative government and proceeded to declare independence. Georgia legislature maintained that to declare a separate government and nation within its borders was unconstitutional. Then Georgia requested assistance from the federal government in removing the Cherokees from its borders. Since the federal government discovered gold in the Cherokee's land, certainly played a role in the state legislature's wishes to relocate them. The Cherokees felt insulted by President Andrew Jackson's lack of sympathy for North Americans and passage in 1830 of Indian Removal Act, which stopped their settlements. The court rule Worcester vs. Georgia that stated that the law had no authority within Cherokee territory. The chief executive would not use his constitutional authority to enforce laws when it dealt with the Native Americans and before it was known, the Cherokees was driven west. This act was known as the "Trail of Tears".
***In the nineteenth century, the United States shown the true meaning of nationalism. Every country or continent wants to have the dominant power and its citizens showing just that. Having the Mexico War showed that U.S had power to take over another country's territory. Having the "War Hawks" demonstrated how citizens can come together and fight for country's beliefs and how the Monroe Doctrine or any formal paper can put a stop to some kind of action or even driving a tribe out of its area, like the Cherokees, is nationalism. In the early nineteenth century, territorial expansion was wanted by many and the U.S best fits that example .
***The relationship between the U.S and Mexico deteriorated even more when the U.S formally annexed Texas in 1845. President Polk was not satisfied with this enormous territory and decided to acquire the California or New Mexico region as well. After the failure of the Slidell Mission, an attempt to purchase the territory from Mexico, Polk resorted to have more aggressive posture. He sent troops into the dispute area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The U.S declared war on Mexico. Polk claimed the Mexicans had forces that crossed the borders to attack the Americans, but this was false. Even though the U.S army troops had poor trained and discipline, the U.S had taken control of the entire Southwest by 1847. General Winfield Scott, new U.S commander, captured Vera Cruz followed later with a victory in the Battle of Cerro Gordo. The Americans launched their final attack on Mexico capital and the war
ended. Out of the Mexico War, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo(1848) was created. This told Mexico to recognize the Americans claim the area of North of the Rio Grande. President Polk was not satisfied with the terms of the treaty and decided that the U.S needs more land.
***As the U.S entered the second decade of the nineteenth century, tensions with Britain were exacerbated by wars in Europe. Both Britain and France violated America's neutral shipping and commerical rights. The British and French were equally at fault, but Americans were blaming them and Britain Canandians for inciting the Native Americans uprisings in the west. But in truth, the Americans hunger for more land incited the unrest. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh's attempted to unite all tribes in Mississippi Valley on the settlements in the Indiana's Territory, but failed when future President Harrison's force defeated him in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The defeat of Tecumseh clashed with the congress. Many congressmen that came to Washington for the 1811-1812 session were newly elected. Most were from Western and Southern Democratic- Republican congressman who also favored nationalism. They were labeled "War Hawks" and their hostility toward Britain was a large reason. The leaders of the War Hawks were Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster. They led the War Hawks to punishing the Britain military for seizing merchant ships, impressing American sailors and the violations of American neutrality. They also wanted to seize land from Native Americans in the West, drive British out of Canada, and annex Spanish Florida. Even though the Federalists and New England did not want war because they were Anglophiles, the U.S declared war on June, 18, 1812.
***At the end of the Napoleon Wars in 1815, the nations met in Vienna to discuss postwar goals. By the European powers, one decision was to restore monarchies and governments that had collapsed by Napoleon's Grand Army. Secretary of state, John Quincy Adams informed both nations( Europe and Britain) not to interfere in the territory that he claimed belonged to the U.S. European intentions of taking the territory in the U.S or colonizing the South America, the Monroe administration decided to act. President Monroe issued a stern foreign policy statement that became Monroe Doctrine. Monroe stopped Europeans from colonizing the Western Hemisphere. If the U.S found out about the Europeans thoughts, that would deem a threat to U.S national security. The Europeans decide to put an end in their thoughts. The decision made was for the two nations to stay out of each others way and for the U.S to continue in their territorial expansion.
***Even after the Monroe Doctrine, Americans still kept a wary eye on Europe and focused the other eye on the one major Native American tribe in the area Southeast of the Mississippi, the Cherokees. The next objective for territorial expansion was to relocate the Cherokees to the west. Cherokees inhabited several states which are Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and Mississippi. In 1827, a tribal council established a constitutional representative government and proceeded to declare independence. Georgia legislature maintained that to declare a separate government and nation within its borders was unconstitutional. Then Georgia requested assistance from the federal government in removing the Cherokees from its borders. Since the federal government discovered gold in the Cherokee's land, certainly played a role in the state legislature's wishes to relocate them. The Cherokees felt insulted by President Andrew Jackson's lack of sympathy for North Americans and passage in 1830 of Indian Removal Act, which stopped their settlements. The court rule Worcester vs. Georgia that stated that the law had no authority within Cherokee territory. The chief executive would not use his constitutional authority to enforce laws when it dealt with the Native Americans and before it was known, the Cherokees was driven west. This act was known as the "Trail of Tears".
***In the nineteenth century, the United States shown the true meaning of nationalism. Every country or continent wants to have the dominant power and its citizens showing just that. Having the Mexico War showed that U.S had power to take over another country's territory. Having the "War Hawks" demonstrated how citizens can come together and fight for country's beliefs and how the Monroe Doctrine or any formal paper can put a stop to some kind of action or even driving a tribe out of its area, like the Cherokees, is nationalism. In the early nineteenth century, territorial expansion was wanted by many and the U.S best fits that example .
Friday, October 19, 2007
To what extend were the Articles of Confederation an inadequate form of government?
***The Articles of Confederation was extremely inadequate due to weakness of representation in the central government, domestic affairs with Massachusetts farmers with inflation and foreign affairs with Spain.
***Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was ineffective. The most authority remained with the individual states. Even though the states had more authority, the Articles of Confederation protected against tyrannical abuses by having a strong central government. Some features of the Articles of Confederation were no chief executive and no provision for a uniform national currency. All of these features were major weaknesses. Having no chief executive led to Spain having control of the Mississippi River. If the Articles of Confederation had that executive department, the U.S would already had troops in line for war. There were no provision for a uniform national currency which lead to inflation in states. For example, Massachusetts was tax heavily because of inflation and no uniform currency. The citizens wanted their state government to resolve these problems but under the A.O.C, the states had to handle with economic problems on their own. Even though the A.O.C was to establish a stable government, it had many defaults.
***The Articles of Confederation could not address the economic needs of the nation and the individual states, so therefore, it could not solve problems that dealt with inflation and depression. Some states imposed heavily taxes on their citizens to tackle inflation and address their infrastructural needs. Infrastructural needs was the process of building roads, bridges and highways within a state. Massachusetts was one of the states that was taxed heavy. This state imposed thirty percent tax on a average farmer. Due to this taxation, many farmers lost their farms or went to debtor's prison. The farmers in Massachusetts organized and petitioned their state government to issue more money to reduce inflation in the economy. The state legislature rejected their demands and the farmers engaged in open revolt. This rebellion was to protest and prevent foreclosure of their farms and collection of taxes . This revolt was called "Shay's Rebellion", which was lead by Daniel Shay. The action of this rebellion so powerful that the delegates made sure to add domestic violence in the new constitution.
***Difficulties with foreign affairs were another burden of the Articles of Confederation. In the Treaty of Paris, both Britain and the United States violated the treaty. The United States violated the treaty by not compensating the loyalists whose property was taken away during the war and to pay for the foreign debts. Britain violated also by maintaining forts in the Northwest Territory. The United States could not do nothing about the forts except protest. Also British had trade restrictions on the U.S, which weaken their economy even more. Spain pointed out the U.S weakness, their economical status, and wanted to take over the Mississippi river. Spain decided to do this because they feared that the United States would expand on their power. Spain and the States quarreled over undefined Northern boundary of Florida and victory was in Spain's hand. The Articles was weaken in this affair because it did not state any authority to someone, or chief executive, that would conduct foreign affairs in time of war. If this was stated, then troops would have been in line waiting for war to come to their hands.
***Due to the Articles of Confederation, the United States did not have a fully stable government. Having domestic affairs like inflation and depression within a state, only made citizens more angry with their government. Having no representation, or executive leader for foreign affairs, put more responsibility on the states and allowed the Unites States popularity to decrease by other countries detecting the states weaknesses easily. The Articles of Confederation was only a step to stability within the states but it had many improvements that needed to be made.
***Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was ineffective. The most authority remained with the individual states. Even though the states had more authority, the Articles of Confederation protected against tyrannical abuses by having a strong central government. Some features of the Articles of Confederation were no chief executive and no provision for a uniform national currency. All of these features were major weaknesses. Having no chief executive led to Spain having control of the Mississippi River. If the Articles of Confederation had that executive department, the U.S would already had troops in line for war. There were no provision for a uniform national currency which lead to inflation in states. For example, Massachusetts was tax heavily because of inflation and no uniform currency. The citizens wanted their state government to resolve these problems but under the A.O.C, the states had to handle with economic problems on their own. Even though the A.O.C was to establish a stable government, it had many defaults.
***The Articles of Confederation could not address the economic needs of the nation and the individual states, so therefore, it could not solve problems that dealt with inflation and depression. Some states imposed heavily taxes on their citizens to tackle inflation and address their infrastructural needs. Infrastructural needs was the process of building roads, bridges and highways within a state. Massachusetts was one of the states that was taxed heavy. This state imposed thirty percent tax on a average farmer. Due to this taxation, many farmers lost their farms or went to debtor's prison. The farmers in Massachusetts organized and petitioned their state government to issue more money to reduce inflation in the economy. The state legislature rejected their demands and the farmers engaged in open revolt. This rebellion was to protest and prevent foreclosure of their farms and collection of taxes . This revolt was called "Shay's Rebellion", which was lead by Daniel Shay. The action of this rebellion so powerful that the delegates made sure to add domestic violence in the new constitution.
***Difficulties with foreign affairs were another burden of the Articles of Confederation. In the Treaty of Paris, both Britain and the United States violated the treaty. The United States violated the treaty by not compensating the loyalists whose property was taken away during the war and to pay for the foreign debts. Britain violated also by maintaining forts in the Northwest Territory. The United States could not do nothing about the forts except protest. Also British had trade restrictions on the U.S, which weaken their economy even more. Spain pointed out the U.S weakness, their economical status, and wanted to take over the Mississippi river. Spain decided to do this because they feared that the United States would expand on their power. Spain and the States quarreled over undefined Northern boundary of Florida and victory was in Spain's hand. The Articles was weaken in this affair because it did not state any authority to someone, or chief executive, that would conduct foreign affairs in time of war. If this was stated, then troops would have been in line waiting for war to come to their hands.
***Due to the Articles of Confederation, the United States did not have a fully stable government. Having domestic affairs like inflation and depression within a state, only made citizens more angry with their government. Having no representation, or executive leader for foreign affairs, put more responsibility on the states and allowed the Unites States popularity to decrease by other countries detecting the states weaknesses easily. The Articles of Confederation was only a step to stability within the states but it had many improvements that needed to be made.
Sunday, October 7, 2007
To what extend did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society?
***The American Revolution fundamentally changed the American society politically, socially and economically by the establishments of the Declaration of Independence, paper currency, Women's rights and slavery.
***The American Revolution brought enormous effects on the Americans society. One major approach to endure in this change is the Declaration of Independence. George Washington declared a change in the society because he thought it was time to become independent from the Britain's crown. "If men were angels, no gov't would be necessary"(Doc.I). This statement supports the reason of wanting independence because being under the Britain's crown was unfair and Americans did not want that type of government any more. This action also led to the American colonies wanting to self-govern their own society.
***Another establishment in the American society was paper currency.At first, the paper currency was not worth any amount at all. Anyone could have put any amount on a coin or bill and people would believe that was worth of the currency. This was not working out because money had no value which led to confusion of the value of money. Some Americans were "crying out for paper currency"(Doc. G). This quote supports the feeling that the Americans had on paper currency because they believed if they had a printed document that states to be owned and published as their own, it would lean on toward of being independent from Britain.
*** Being under the Britain's crown was compared to slavery. Women had not rights in any part of the community unless they were widows. Women in the colonies were compared as being a dog on a leash and demanded not to speak a word unless spoken too. The women was fed up because they felt as if they should not even appear in public since they had no rights. As Molly Wallace clearly explained,"... ought ever to appear in so public a manner,"(Doc. J). This show how women in the society felt useless and unimportant because they had no roles. Also women wanted the same rights as men,"some for an equal distribution of property"(Doc. G). Women in the society was just fed up and wanted equality.
*** The finally factor of how the American Revolution changed the American society is slavery. The Britain's always thought of an easier way to make conduct things. One thing they wanted to make easier was labor, which pin pointed to slavery. The Britain's thought if slaves were placed in their society they would be free of labor and money because slaves did not need much. The Americans thought different. They felt as if all men should be created equal and have the same rights. Which this fact supports the meaning of the Declaration of Independence. The Americans exclaimed that there shall be "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude," (Doc.H). This supports the beliefs of the Americans not wanting slavery and the way they wanted to control their lands.
***There were many factors that fundamentally changed the American society during the American Revolution. Having the Declaration of Independence, paper currency, limitation on Women's rights and slavery were just a few of those factors that sculpted the American Society.
***The American Revolution brought enormous effects on the Americans society. One major approach to endure in this change is the Declaration of Independence. George Washington declared a change in the society because he thought it was time to become independent from the Britain's crown. "If men were angels, no gov't would be necessary"(Doc.I). This statement supports the reason of wanting independence because being under the Britain's crown was unfair and Americans did not want that type of government any more. This action also led to the American colonies wanting to self-govern their own society.
***Another establishment in the American society was paper currency.At first, the paper currency was not worth any amount at all. Anyone could have put any amount on a coin or bill and people would believe that was worth of the currency. This was not working out because money had no value which led to confusion of the value of money. Some Americans were "crying out for paper currency"(Doc. G). This quote supports the feeling that the Americans had on paper currency because they believed if they had a printed document that states to be owned and published as their own, it would lean on toward of being independent from Britain.
*** Being under the Britain's crown was compared to slavery. Women had not rights in any part of the community unless they were widows. Women in the colonies were compared as being a dog on a leash and demanded not to speak a word unless spoken too. The women was fed up because they felt as if they should not even appear in public since they had no rights. As Molly Wallace clearly explained,"... ought ever to appear in so public a manner,"(Doc. J). This show how women in the society felt useless and unimportant because they had no roles. Also women wanted the same rights as men,"some for an equal distribution of property"(Doc. G). Women in the society was just fed up and wanted equality.
*** The finally factor of how the American Revolution changed the American society is slavery. The Britain's always thought of an easier way to make conduct things. One thing they wanted to make easier was labor, which pin pointed to slavery. The Britain's thought if slaves were placed in their society they would be free of labor and money because slaves did not need much. The Americans thought different. They felt as if all men should be created equal and have the same rights. Which this fact supports the meaning of the Declaration of Independence. The Americans exclaimed that there shall be "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude," (Doc.H). This supports the beliefs of the Americans not wanting slavery and the way they wanted to control their lands.
***There were many factors that fundamentally changed the American society during the American Revolution. Having the Declaration of Independence, paper currency, limitation on Women's rights and slavery were just a few of those factors that sculpted the American Society.
Sunday, September 30, 2007
How did the French and Indian War alter the political, economic and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies?
***The French and Indian War alter the political, economic, and ideological relations between the Britain and its colonies by being in debt that lead to tax laws, mercantilism and the way people felt about Britain's control over its colonies.
***After the French and Indian War, the colonizing of the North America changed greatly. The English took over most of the North America land. English colonies had dominated the new world(Doc. A). This took a toll on the political relationship between the American colonists and Britain because this lead to the Proclamation of 1763. Britain believed they owned every land that they touched and this made conflict with the Native Americans. The Native Americans believed that they "had no right to settle" and they must " insist on removing them"(Doc A). The Britain created the Proclamation of 1763 thinking of decreasing the conflict but this added on to resentment in colonists' hearts.
***Some political changes that included Britain's abandonment were their salutary neglect policy. After the French and Indian War, England was seriously in debt and needed new ways to increase their status. England began to regulate trade and create tax laws on commonly used items. Even though Britain made these changes to 'increase in territory"(Doc F), the colonists felt as if they were treated unfairly.
*** Since of the taxation, the colonists and Britain's relationship decreased rapidly. Some Acts that the Britain created forced the Americans to ship their raw materials to Britain and also buy the finish products only from their mother land. This encountered mercantilism which made Britain rich. At this point, colonists were fed up and decided to fight back. The Stamp Act was the last straw for the colonists. As Benjamin Franklin claims, the colonists wanted to "set it repeal'd' which meant the colonists were eager to put a stop in Britain's footsteps. As the colonists practiced non- consumption and non- importation and boycotted destroyed the economic relationship between the Britain and its American colonies even more.
***Colonial ideological values changed enormously toward the Britain because of their greed and the colonists proven that they could unite as one during their boycotting rival and stand up for what they believed in. As a soldier wrote, "we are debarred Englishmen's liberty"(Doc D). From this dairy, this showed that Americans had resentment in their hearts toward Britain.
***Britain's greed of land, controllment, and royalty destroyed many relationships along the way. The Native Americans feelings toward Britain were if they should've not been there in the first place. The American colonies felt as if Britain needed a stop in their footsteps and unite as one to fight off Britain's crown.
***After the French and Indian War, the colonizing of the North America changed greatly. The English took over most of the North America land. English colonies had dominated the new world(Doc. A). This took a toll on the political relationship between the American colonists and Britain because this lead to the Proclamation of 1763. Britain believed they owned every land that they touched and this made conflict with the Native Americans. The Native Americans believed that they "had no right to settle" and they must " insist on removing them"(Doc A). The Britain created the Proclamation of 1763 thinking of decreasing the conflict but this added on to resentment in colonists' hearts.
***Some political changes that included Britain's abandonment were their salutary neglect policy. After the French and Indian War, England was seriously in debt and needed new ways to increase their status. England began to regulate trade and create tax laws on commonly used items. Even though Britain made these changes to 'increase in territory"(Doc F), the colonists felt as if they were treated unfairly.
*** Since of the taxation, the colonists and Britain's relationship decreased rapidly. Some Acts that the Britain created forced the Americans to ship their raw materials to Britain and also buy the finish products only from their mother land. This encountered mercantilism which made Britain rich. At this point, colonists were fed up and decided to fight back. The Stamp Act was the last straw for the colonists. As Benjamin Franklin claims, the colonists wanted to "set it repeal'd' which meant the colonists were eager to put a stop in Britain's footsteps. As the colonists practiced non- consumption and non- importation and boycotted destroyed the economic relationship between the Britain and its American colonies even more.
***Colonial ideological values changed enormously toward the Britain because of their greed and the colonists proven that they could unite as one during their boycotting rival and stand up for what they believed in. As a soldier wrote, "we are debarred Englishmen's liberty"(Doc D). From this dairy, this showed that Americans had resentment in their hearts toward Britain.
***Britain's greed of land, controllment, and royalty destroyed many relationships along the way. The Native Americans feelings toward Britain were if they should've not been there in the first place. The American colonies felt as if Britain needed a stop in their footsteps and unite as one to fight off Britain's crown.
Monday, September 24, 2007
Discuss the positions of the three factions and explain which was the most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals
*** The First and Second Continental Congress were shaped by differing opinions from the three parties. each faction provided convincing arguments for their positions. However, the one that was most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals were the radicals due to their beliefs about the Stamp Act, having independence, Boston Tea Party and the Galloway's Plan.
***The Stamp Act were one of the first laws to ever pass by the Parliament. Its main concept was to tax American colonists for items that had a daily usage. The Parliament would tax on all printed materials, from newspaper and will to marriage licenses, tea and even playing cards. At first, many Americans did not have a problem with that taxation until Patrick Henry declared British was simply taxing without representation. Colonists who had position of attorneys and businessmen where affected massively. Radicals already believed in achieving independence from Britain and this was one of the few problems that led the radicals to complete their dream. The delegates issued Declaration of Rights because lack of representation in Parliament. The Radicals responded to this act by boycotting items that were being taxed. British government realized that the Stamp Act was a political and economic debacle so they repealed it.
***The first Continental Congress was develop as a response to the Intolerable Acts. The Congress had three factions, the Radicals, Moderates and Conservatives. The most persuasive were the radicals. The radicals were straight forward and tire of the Parliament with their taxation and strict laws. They believed that the colonies relationship with Britain had already passed will not receive any grants or advantage while being under their crown. The radicals force Britain to proceed to change laws or they wanted independence. The Parliament did not take in the beliefs of the radicals and along came the Tea Act.
***Many colonists continued to boycott British tax items, especially the tea. Some colonists began to smuggle tea but fail to realized that paying for British tea would be cheaper because the British East India Company had enormous amount. The colonists could purchase tea at a lower cost than ever, but they believed that the British government was making them pay for the tea tax. The radicals response to this scheme was violence and some continued to boycott more. This eventually led to the Boston Tea Party. The Radicals response was to board the ships and dump every cargo of tea in sight. The British government had enough of Boston and decide to challenge the colonists with the Intolerable Acts. These acts showed the colonists who was still in charge of the colonies.
***Lastly, the Galloway's Plan were another achieving goal for the radicals plans. The Galloway's Plan were to veto the British's Acts without violence taken place. The conservatives wanted the British and its colonies to have the relationship of the French and Indian. Their relationship was a hand in hand relationship, but the Parliament was to greedy for that. The Galloway's Plan was defeated and this lead the radicals to take charge and become closer to their dreams of independence.
***The Stamp Act were one of the first laws to ever pass by the Parliament. Its main concept was to tax American colonists for items that had a daily usage. The Parliament would tax on all printed materials, from newspaper and will to marriage licenses, tea and even playing cards. At first, many Americans did not have a problem with that taxation until Patrick Henry declared British was simply taxing without representation. Colonists who had position of attorneys and businessmen where affected massively. Radicals already believed in achieving independence from Britain and this was one of the few problems that led the radicals to complete their dream. The delegates issued Declaration of Rights because lack of representation in Parliament. The Radicals responded to this act by boycotting items that were being taxed. British government realized that the Stamp Act was a political and economic debacle so they repealed it.
***The first Continental Congress was develop as a response to the Intolerable Acts. The Congress had three factions, the Radicals, Moderates and Conservatives. The most persuasive were the radicals. The radicals were straight forward and tire of the Parliament with their taxation and strict laws. They believed that the colonies relationship with Britain had already passed will not receive any grants or advantage while being under their crown. The radicals force Britain to proceed to change laws or they wanted independence. The Parliament did not take in the beliefs of the radicals and along came the Tea Act.
***Many colonists continued to boycott British tax items, especially the tea. Some colonists began to smuggle tea but fail to realized that paying for British tea would be cheaper because the British East India Company had enormous amount. The colonists could purchase tea at a lower cost than ever, but they believed that the British government was making them pay for the tea tax. The radicals response to this scheme was violence and some continued to boycott more. This eventually led to the Boston Tea Party. The Radicals response was to board the ships and dump every cargo of tea in sight. The British government had enough of Boston and decide to challenge the colonists with the Intolerable Acts. These acts showed the colonists who was still in charge of the colonies.
***Lastly, the Galloway's Plan were another achieving goal for the radicals plans. The Galloway's Plan were to veto the British's Acts without violence taken place. The conservatives wanted the British and its colonies to have the relationship of the French and Indian. Their relationship was a hand in hand relationship, but the Parliament was to greedy for that. The Galloway's Plan was defeated and this lead the radicals to take charge and become closer to their dreams of independence.
Saturday, September 15, 2007
What role did religion play in the establishment of English colonies in North America?
Religion played as a significant role in establishing English colonies in North America. Among these significance were Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania.
The Pilgrims longed to find a haven where they could live and die under their own rules. The Pilgrims did not initially land in Plymouth, but decided to stay. Pilgrims could not establish a government because the area that was chosen was the domain of the Virginia Company. This lead to the Mayflower Compact, which simply stated that the Pilgrims could make settlements but under their regulation until they were strong enough to run a self-government colony. The Pilgrims felt as if the Company was unfair and feared that the Englishmen would corrupt their godly experiment in the colony. This disagreement led the Pilgrims to settle north of Plymouth which was closer to Massachusetts Bay where people were much interested in god as much as them.
Maryland was another colony that was establish for religion reasons. Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland wanted to reap financial profits and partly to create a haven for his fellow Catholics. Protestant England was discriminating strongly toward Catholics that they would not let marriage happen by a Catholic priest in the colony. The Protestants and Catholics rebelled and Baltimore lost his proprietary rights but soon gain them back under the Act of Toleration. The act was passed and Maryland's new religion status guaranteed toleration to all Christians and Catholics and there was no more threats from the Protestants or in England.
In Massachusetts Bay Colony, Puritans were known as the " visible saints" and were eligible for church membership only or could be freemen. Puritans had religious freedom here. They strongly believed the whole purpose of government was to enforce God's Laws which applied to non believers and believers. Everyone paid taxes for government-supported Church. Under this government, there were religious rules to follow. To follow through with the rules, John Cotton would preach for six hours a day. The laws were pass to aim at making sure pleasure stayed simple but making sure laws were still followed.
This contrast with Rhode Island colony because even though this was founded for religious reasons, this was a self-governing colony. Rodger Williams made this colony have complete freedom of religion for everyone, no oaths regarding religious beliefs and no taxes to support a state church. From this, Rhode Island became strongly individualistic and stubbornly independent.
In Pennsylvania, William Penn, a Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania decided that it was finally time to have a tolerated religious freedom colony. William Penn was referred as the " First American Advertising Man" because he sent out countless pamphlets printed in many languages to attract all kinds of people who where forward looking spirits. His land was attracting heavy follow of immigrants. There was no restrictions placed on immigrants, no tax-supported state-church and freedom of worship was guaranteed to all residents. Pennsylvania was the opposite of all colonies that were found in American History.
The Pilgrims longed to find a haven where they could live and die under their own rules. The Pilgrims did not initially land in Plymouth, but decided to stay. Pilgrims could not establish a government because the area that was chosen was the domain of the Virginia Company. This lead to the Mayflower Compact, which simply stated that the Pilgrims could make settlements but under their regulation until they were strong enough to run a self-government colony. The Pilgrims felt as if the Company was unfair and feared that the Englishmen would corrupt their godly experiment in the colony. This disagreement led the Pilgrims to settle north of Plymouth which was closer to Massachusetts Bay where people were much interested in god as much as them.
Maryland was another colony that was establish for religion reasons. Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland wanted to reap financial profits and partly to create a haven for his fellow Catholics. Protestant England was discriminating strongly toward Catholics that they would not let marriage happen by a Catholic priest in the colony. The Protestants and Catholics rebelled and Baltimore lost his proprietary rights but soon gain them back under the Act of Toleration. The act was passed and Maryland's new religion status guaranteed toleration to all Christians and Catholics and there was no more threats from the Protestants or in England.
In Massachusetts Bay Colony, Puritans were known as the " visible saints" and were eligible for church membership only or could be freemen. Puritans had religious freedom here. They strongly believed the whole purpose of government was to enforce God's Laws which applied to non believers and believers. Everyone paid taxes for government-supported Church. Under this government, there were religious rules to follow. To follow through with the rules, John Cotton would preach for six hours a day. The laws were pass to aim at making sure pleasure stayed simple but making sure laws were still followed.
This contrast with Rhode Island colony because even though this was founded for religious reasons, this was a self-governing colony. Rodger Williams made this colony have complete freedom of religion for everyone, no oaths regarding religious beliefs and no taxes to support a state church. From this, Rhode Island became strongly individualistic and stubbornly independent.
In Pennsylvania, William Penn, a Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania decided that it was finally time to have a tolerated religious freedom colony. William Penn was referred as the " First American Advertising Man" because he sent out countless pamphlets printed in many languages to attract all kinds of people who where forward looking spirits. His land was attracting heavy follow of immigrants. There was no restrictions placed on immigrants, no tax-supported state-church and freedom of worship was guaranteed to all residents. Pennsylvania was the opposite of all colonies that were found in American History.
Sunday, September 9, 2007
My Response: The Radicalism of the American Revolution
In this book, Monarchy is basically no freedom. In a Monarchy society, everyone is subjects of the king. That means whatever the king says or rules happens without your say or belief. The meaning of being involved in the Monarchy society is being a dependent being, weak and inferior, having no independence and easily cowed.
I strongly believe that I could not live during the Monarchy period of time. Having no say in your society isn't right to me. I believed that if people had say in their society things could be better off. If I lived in a society where people were able to say what they believed in would make me feel like I'm actually part of a society where the king (higher rank) cared about its people.
One topic that was so significant was the meaning of the word "gentlemen." Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Gray said being a gentlemen means that you know left from right, good from bad and black from white. They also stated that being a gentlemen is on the same level as a lawyer or doctor. That's because their job consist of labor or hardworking. They also stated that a gentlemen is born to eat, sleep, die and to be forgotten.
Being a gentlemen is someone who has class and respected by others. Being a gentlemen shows people that you have respect for yourself and others. I wonder how the word gentlemen became what it is today. In this book it just make the word sound low class and worthless.
Some topics that were shocking was the "Warning Out" laws. Both the New England towns with their ancient believed that everyone is expected to be in a certain category. Under these laws, towns were could legally eject "strangers" and have them convey to different places until they're in their right home.
When I came across this passage, I could not believe it. How could someone export someone else just because they did not live in that colony? Another part of the book that confused me were people saying where someone else belonged. Everyone were new settlements so how would the high rank say that someone belonged somewhere else? I guess money and fame is power until the end of time.
I strongly believe that I could not live during the Monarchy period of time. Having no say in your society isn't right to me. I believed that if people had say in their society things could be better off. If I lived in a society where people were able to say what they believed in would make me feel like I'm actually part of a society where the king (higher rank) cared about its people.
One topic that was so significant was the meaning of the word "gentlemen." Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Gray said being a gentlemen means that you know left from right, good from bad and black from white. They also stated that being a gentlemen is on the same level as a lawyer or doctor. That's because their job consist of labor or hardworking. They also stated that a gentlemen is born to eat, sleep, die and to be forgotten.
Being a gentlemen is someone who has class and respected by others. Being a gentlemen shows people that you have respect for yourself and others. I wonder how the word gentlemen became what it is today. In this book it just make the word sound low class and worthless.
Some topics that were shocking was the "Warning Out" laws. Both the New England towns with their ancient believed that everyone is expected to be in a certain category. Under these laws, towns were could legally eject "strangers" and have them convey to different places until they're in their right home.
When I came across this passage, I could not believe it. How could someone export someone else just because they did not live in that colony? Another part of the book that confused me were people saying where someone else belonged. Everyone were new settlements so how would the high rank say that someone belonged somewhere else? I guess money and fame is power until the end of time.
Wednesday, September 5, 2007
Why did I sign up for A.P U.S History?
I signed up for this class because I know that it will help my gpa very well and it challenge me to my fullest ability to learn. I also choose this class because I truly think if I give my all I will be average in the class and have a decent overall grade. Also having this class would look good on my transcript when I apply to colleges..and I want to get enrolled in a very well off college. If I don't understand everything in class then I will just try harder in this class without interfering with my other class work and ASK for help!
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